Essay about Problems in Air Traffic Control and Proposed...

Problems in Air Traffic Control and Proposed Solutions In northern California this summer, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) unintentionally performed its first operational test of free flight; aviation without direct air traffic control. This was an unintentional experiment because it was a result of a total shut-down of the Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Although Oakland is only the 16th busiest ARTCC, its responsible for the largest block of airspace of any ATC facility; 18 million square miles. Oakland directs all upper-level flight from San Luis Obispo, California to the California/Oregon boarder, including most Pacific oceanic routes. The failure happened at 7:13 a.m. local time†¦show more content†¦Flight crews did their own improvising. Some pilots squawked VFR and continued the flight on their own. Others continued on their previously issued clearance, while others climbed into or descended out of Class A airspace without a clearance. Later analysis tells us one of the biggest problems was nobody believed a prolonged outage like this could occur. Both controllers and supervisors worked on the assumption their radar and radios would come back any moment now. The same thought process prevailed at Bay (Oakland) TRACON where operations were paralyzed by the Centers blackout. Its impossible to say how many separation losses occurred during the hour-long episode. Some near mid-air reports were filed, but the vast majority of separation-loss situations will probably go unreported. After power was restored, and the primary radar system was returned to operation, extensive air traffic delays, diversions, and flight cancellations persisted for many hours at Bay area airports, especially departures from San Francisco International. We may never know the full aftermath of this incident. Changes will be made as to how power is fed to ATC facilities, and how maintenance is performed. Contingency plans will be rewritten and controllers will be trained how to implement them. Meanwhile, controllers nation wide are brushing up on their non- radar and lost-comm procedures. After an extensive investigation, its now clear why theShow MoreRelatedProblems in Air Traffic Control and Proposed Solutions4560 Words   |  19 PagesProblems in Air Traffic Control and Proposed Solutions In northern California this summer, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) unintentionally performed its first operational test of free flight; aviation without direct air traffic control. This was an unintentional experiment because it was a result of a total shut-down of the Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Although Oakland is only the 16th busiest ARTCC, its responsible for the largest block of airspace ofRead MoreSimulation Of Modeling And Distributed Simulation1392 Words   |  6 Pages Summer II Simulation on monitoring Environmental Pollution - Harini Ramasahayam Introduction Environment is the surrounding or the biosphere of the earth that consists of air, water and land in which humans, plants and animals live. Environmental pollution is defined as the presence of pollutants or impure substances in the environment that causes adverse effects and contaminate it. Environmental pollution is caused by humanRead MoreThe Effects Of Nextgen On Nas Delays At Major Airports1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of NextGen on NAS Delays at Major Airports The national aviation system is under increasing demand for more and more flights as air passenger numbers continue to rise. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Aerospace Forecast Fiscal Years 2015-2035 report estimates an annual growth of 2.0 percent per year from 2016-2035. This will equate to an average of 1.14 billion passengers flying within the U.S. per year by the end of year 2035 (n.d., p. 47). As the number of aircraft flyingRead MoreDangers and Need for Preventing Drunk Driving862 Words   |  3 Pagesroad traffic crash. Road traffic crash has become main causes of injury and death in world. This accident may result up to the severe injury depends on the situation and reasons of the accident. One of the most happened reason that cause the traffic crash is the consumption of alcohol drink (Green, 2013). Drinking habit make the driver lost their concentration and affect their skills to drive and may increase the risk of crash. Some safety equipment have been offere d such as seat belt and air bagRead MoreA Major Area China s Air Pollution Effects On The Environment1568 Words   |  7 Pages A major area China s air pollution effects is the environment. With this in mind a way the pollution damages the environment is through acid rain (Air pollution in China). Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides go high into the atmosphere to combine with oxygen to form the heavy pollutant known as acid rain (epa.gov). Acid rain easily dissolves in water, and when mixed with other pollutants in China s atmosphere, can contaminate the soil and water sources. One-third of China s water is unusableRead MoreInformation For Distributed Data Driven Applications1436 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Publish/Subscribe Middleware Solutions for Distributed Data-driven Applications over Virtualized SDN Infrastructure Background Today, users are increasingly required communicate with each other and with surrounding devices and machines to obtain personalized, intelligent and automatized behavior. These kind of devices will interconnect to all kinds of heterogeneous and customized Internet-based new and yet unforeseen services, users and applications. The emerging communication paradigm isRead MoreEssay on The Taj Mahal Problem1106 Words   |  5 PagesIn the year 1984, an environmental lawyer named M.C. Mehta filed a case before the Supreme Court regarding the negligence of the Taj’s decay. The petitioner sought appropriate directions to the authorities concerned to take immediate steps to stop air pollution in the TTZ and save the Taj. In this case, the court interpreted Article 21 (right to life) so as to include the right to a healthy environment. Keeping in mind the world-heritage site status of the monument, and also the health of the citizensRead MoreStudy Of Bee Colony Optimization Algorithms For Their Applications Into Various Domains1448 Words   |  6 Pagesfor optimizing numerical problems. Bees are classic example of teamwork experience, coordination and synchronization. The way they work is remarkable. They carry out a kind of neighborhood search combined with global search by mimic the food foraging behavior. The foraging strategy of Bees is used to look for the best solution to an optimization problem. In this process each candidate solution is considered as food source and a population of Bees is used to search solution space. At each and everyRead MoreA Brief Note On The Agency Of Environment And Forest Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages . Preventation: GOVERNMENTAL STEPS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN BANGLADESH The ‘Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF)’of Bangladesh is primarily responsible for environmental protection. It was created in 1989. The MOEF has taken some steps to control the environmental pollution of Bangladesh. National Environmental Management Action: Plan (NEMAP). The government has taken a project named NEMAP to integrate environment with the development in a policy framework. It provides a guideline for promotingRead MoreA Report On Uav Traffic Safety1792 Words   |  8 Pagespurpose of this paper is to review some UAV traffic concerns. UAV traffic is increasing tremendously over the past decade. There have been a number of mid-air collisions with UAVs crashing into commercial aircraft or into each other. They are big enough to cause more engine foreign object damage than a bird strike. This is because they are made of stronger material and plus they have batteries on board that can cause severe damage to aircraft. Air traffic controllers need to know how many UAVs are

Design Of The Autocad Computer Program - 871 Words

Engineering design has played a crucial role in developing our way of life. Nearly everything we use has an engineering design component. The creation of the AutoCAD computer program only further increased the potential of design. The program AutoCAD has revolutionized the engineering and architectural field by making several improvements to safety, efficiency, the feasibility of design, simulations, quality control, and the ability to save time/money. First, AutoCAD design has made it incredibly feasible to create designs in the engineering and architectural fields. There are many tools that AutoCAD offers compared to traditional design of pencil and paper. In my experience, AutoCAD has made it simple for me to create various drawings by using simple commands. Some examples of these commands include, the trim, explode, and fillet commands. What would take me hours to draw by hand is greatly reduced to an hour or two with AutoCAD. Furthermore, engineers and architects are able to use AutoCAD design to make their jobs easier. Engineers can use AutoCAD to create models in 2D and 3D which helps them view two forms of their design. AutoCAD also removes the need to start a design from scratch because the user can just save and add to their design later. This is very helpful in both fields because it allows current mistakes in one design to be easily fixed in the future. If something were to happen to a tool or building, then a professional can go back and pinpoint the issueShow MoreRelatedBenefits of Implementing Computer-Aided Design in Construction Planning734 Words   |  3 PagesHow Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Systems Help Engineers and Architects How would you feel if you wake up one morning and realise that the world you lived in is different from what it is today? No high-tech devices that are used for efficient communication; no cutting-edge tools that make household chores easy to accomplish; no powerful machineries that enable faster modes of transport; and no state-of-the-art equipment that help treat diseases and make lives better. Since technology has touchedRead MoreImportance of Cad in Civil Engineering1397 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Computer Aided Drafting in Civil Engineering Eric Belile Delaware Technical Community College Composition, English 121 Ms. Cynthia Mack 7/17/13 Importance of Computer Aided Drafting in Civil Engineering Throughout the last few years, technology has been improving the lives of people from all walks of life and all fields of study. One of the big pieces of technology in the civil engineering field today is computer aided drafting. AutoCAD is a computer aided design software forRead MoreAutoCAD vs. ArchiCAD in Architecture Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesAutoCAD vs. ArchiCAD in Architecture Architectural design today has moved from designing by hand to designing with several different software programs that have made the job much easier. Two of the main programs in many architectural firms today are AutoCAD2000 and ArchiCAD 6.5. Both are very productive design tools but each has its own defects in certain areas of the design process. Design processes today have been reversed from designing from the inside to the outside, to designingRead MoreCareer Episode-2 . C.E.2.1 Introduction. C.E.2.1.1 Duration:1139 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilding and installing High Frequency Tube Mill in 3G Metal Corp. Bawal, Rewari from June 2015 to December 2015. C.E.2.2.2 NATURE OF OVERALL PROJECT: The overall project was to design, build and install the High Frequency Tube Mill for 3G Metal Corp. in Bawal, Rewari. C.E.2.2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: - To design the Tube Mill flexible so that it can make round and square pipes in between 5/8 inches to 4 inches. -Complete the manufacturing and installation of the High Frequency Tube Mill forRead MoreApplication of Ict in Civil Engineering15318 Words   |  62 PagesDEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SIENCE TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Abstract CHAPTER ONE 2.0 Introduction 3.0 Scope 4.0 Literature review 5.0 Aims and objectives CHAPTER TWO 6.0 Research finding 6.1 Definition of terms 6.2 Information Technology in Civil Engineering 6.3 How AutoCAD has helped Civil engineering design 6.4 ICTRead MoreTypes Of Homogening Sections998 Words   |  4 Pagesand traffic projection to the horizon year of 2036 were made by using the Growth-Factor Method. CE 1.12 From the OD data analysis, I formulated an OD matrix and with the help of it, I prepared the Desire lines of inter-city vehicular flow using AutoCAD from which it was effortless to interpret the need for a by-pass. For Kattapana, by-pass construction was not feasible because most of the traffic was towards the central area of the town itself and there was a negligible amount of by-passable trafficRead MoreUsing Computer Aided Industrial Design And Development Process1755 Words   |  8 Pageswith the aid of computers is developing swiftly. Computer in this era are the most reliable tools in industrial product design and development process. Not to mention with the emergence of the internet the human race has entered a digital age. Where, designing programs are so many and vary in terms of industry. For example, In the graphic design industry there are these is two famous corporations, Adobe which have Photoshop and Corel which have CorelDraw. Both of those programs are used almost dailyRead MoreHow Design First Started Out As A Business1663 Words   |  7 PagesBack when design first started out as a business, companies hired draughtsmen to draw and design what the client was asking for and traditionally the skills were in the production of hand drawn orthographic views of components. Back then there was a lot more skill involved and as CAD has been introduced I think the art of the draughtsman is slowly being lost and becoming more invaluable. Both systems of drawing basically use the same methods and techniques, such as on both you can draw in isometricRead MoreThe Impact of 3D Printers on the Field of Industrial Design1140 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrial Design With the growth of computers comes an increase in viable manufacturing techniques. Programs such as Autocad, Solidworks, and Sketchup, allow the creation of complex models and aid in producing files which 3D printers operate with. Within the past several years the pricing models of computer aided design, or CAD, software as a whole has changed in a way which lets students to operate these programs non-commercially for little to no cost. Autodesk, the maker of AutoCAD offers threeRead MoreEsdl Lab(Ec2404)9710 Words   |  39 Pagesâ€Å"ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LAB† Name Reg No Branch Year Semester : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ EC-76 ESD LAB MANUAL LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Exp.No 1 2 3 4 Name of the experiment DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER Page No DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR DESIGN OF PROCESS CONTROL TIMER i) DESIGN OF AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR ii) DESIGN OF FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR 5 6 7 8 9 10 DESIGN OF WIRELESS DATA MODEM PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD TOOL

Music notes Essay Summary Example For Students

Music notes Essay Summary When the keyboardist would improvise chords at moments the bass line. Sometimes the composer would put symbols above the notes so the keyboardist would know what chord to play at that point, this is known as Figured Bass. Walking Bass- where all the notes are all the same length same rhythm Ground Bass- where a certain amount of notes are repeated throughout the whole piece. Appeals Cannon probably my favorite classical piece, do this for the listening assignment Concerto (Genre): there would be one soloist and then a baroque orchestra. -Allegro non molt: fast but not too fast -Largo: slow -Allegro: Fast Not supposed to clap until the very end Concerto Gross: it has more than one soloist, usually 2. -Most Concerti have 3 movements Retooling Form: Retooling form refers to the way in piece of music begins which a phrase or paragraph that repeats itself. In Baroque music, riotousness were the term used to define a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto. Retooling solo 1 (Retooling) solo 2 solo 3 solo 4 ETC. Fugue- the first section of a fugue is called a exposition because it exposes all of the musical material that will be used in the piece. Each fugue starts with a single voice singing a part called the subject, the first melody you hear, then after a while another voice comes in singing the subject. The composer can use as many voices as they want but each new voice has to state the subject. While the voices state the subject composer can arrange this however they want. -the second part of a fugue is called a episode. This is where they take whatever you heard before in the exposition and sees with it. Then the subject will return after the episode -Then there is another episode -Then the subject comes back -Then another episode -ETC. Till the composer thinks they are done (subject) (other Melody) Voice 1 Voice 2 Voice 3 Voice 4 A voice will go will go on for a certain amount of measures or time then the 2nd voice will come in. If the same time goes by and no voice come in thats call ed a bridge then eventually the 3rd voice will come in. This could happen with the rest of the voices if there are any. Voices are not the human voice, it is instruments

Internet

Introduction Innovations in internet technologies have affected various facets of an individual life, in the flow, transmission of information and enjoyment. Internet technologies improve efficiency, reliability and timely distribution of information as well as shaping â€Å"dating world† of people across the globe (Cooper et al, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet- Mediated Information Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mantovani (2001) attests that internet mediated communications provides a new pattern of meeting people and forming long-term relationships. According to Albright and Conran (2003), the internet simplifies interaction among people located in varying destinations within a short because of its reasonable costs. This advantage makes the internet –mediated technology better suited for arguing online romance. Lawson and Leck (2006) argue the internet and its techn ologies have altered understanding sex, dating and romantic relationship of individuals. Hence, it will remain a future platform where romantic relationships will be framed. Cyber – Love and Cyber-flirting Online dating of late has become a booming business. This has been a reality to many people because of the internet driven technology. The technology has revolutionized the trend of falling in love. Traditionally, online dating was a solution to many when off-line dating failed. Merkle and Richardson (2000) view the role of the internet mediated communication as a basis of forming online friendship. When this bond develops, individuals begin to experience a shift towards a more intimate relationship leading to a date or in other words, romantic relationship. This is termed cyber-love. This is characterized with secure attachment, cyber flirting and romantic gestures (Levine, 2000). Attachment creates a crisis of continuously being online, interacting and sharing love with s omeone and ultimately meeting. Among the teenagers or youth in general, early period of their growth is critical, hence. They feel a lack of affection. They feel attached to loving and romantic settings, caring and online chat grants this feature. Merkle and Richardson (2000) argue that teenagers view an online presence as valuable because they can find someone who is passionate, caring and understanding. According to Whitty and Carr (2003), progress in fixing a dating bond encompasses online romantic gestures. E-dating gestures work in underpinning the flourishing interests in intimate friendship. This is expressed in sending, e-smiles, emoticons and e-card. Romantic gestures are tied with cyber-flirting. Flirting is an action that suggests a message of arousing interest (Alapack et al, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cyber-flirting is characterized by a verbal dan ce, in which a barrier or sexuality intend of a person is not clearly known. This is to explain that, cyber-flirting differs with online gestures in that the former; the interests of sexual attachment may not be forthcoming. In e-dating, signs of love are evident unlike in cyber-flirting. The message is primarily about sex (Wallace, 1999). Individuals involved in cyber-flirting passes the message of sexual interests and attachment to their ideal partners. Friendship: Support, Socialization and Sharing According to Ben-Ze’ev (2004), forming friendship before online dating allows individuals to know each other with little efforts of emotional commitment and to model confidence and trust. Hence, for most people, online friendship succeeds three significant roles; support, sharing and socialization (Cooper et al, 2000). For teenagers, online friendship is launched with a goal of gaining more opportunities to socialize; have laughter, and a good time. They use multi-user text-base d virtual realities accessible using the internet, messaging and chats. These facilities allow them opportunities to interact with other online friends. Ben-Ze’ev (2004) point out that these kinds of interactions, provides an opportunity for fixing a strong relationship which can lead to e-dating and romance. The internet has simplified sharing of files, music and pictures among e- friends, becoming a conventional phenomenon for majority people. Significantly, individuals go a step further by supplementing; sharing of their beliefs, values, attitudes through social Medias such as; Facebook, MySpace, Twitter among other sites (Wolak et al, 2004). Historically, when an individual identify a potential friend with whom they share common views, attitudes, tenets and collective deeds, the bond of attachment advances, prompting dating.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet- Mediated Information Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More Cornwell and Lundgren (2001) agree in that â€Å"through chatting, a sense of friendship forms, sharing ideas and automatically a new bondage of friendship is formed. Through this, a person can start mailing each other by means of the internet, talking about daily lives; the situation can lead people being â€Å"lovers† (Cornwell and Lundgren, 2001). The internet -mediated communication strengthens contact through Chance, curiosity. Albright and Conran (2003) indicate that the success of online date, sex, or romantic occurs by chance. This can occur while an individual is embracing e-messenger, chat, e-mail thus coincidentally meeting other individuals (Albright and Conran, 2003). Also, curiosity has also driven individuals in embracing online sex and romance. This has been specifically happening to teens (Brown, 1999). By a majority accessing dating sites available freely online, they seem committed to knowing how it feels or done when in su ch a romantic relationship (Brehm, 1992). Internet technologies are more exciting because of its rapidity, power and vastness, therefore; these features entice an individual. According to Thompson (1990), the internet -mediated technologies allow things to happen so rapidly. Social Effects of internet-mediated Communication Social effects arising from internet-mediated information activities and communications have been on the rise fixing unethical problems in contemporary society. One area of big concern is the children (Albright, and Conran, 2003). Children have been affected strongly because of early exposure to online pornography. Online sex criminals prey for innocent children’s destabilizing the social norm of the society. Besides, the technology has lessened face-to-face interaction because the society views online presence as an alternative form of â€Å"Socializing†. This has reduced the conventional methods of strengthening the off-line relationship and socia l skills in the society (Forester, 1985). Privacy is regarded as an individual right. Some social and dating sites do not support the needed protection on handling and storage of individual information.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At a times, they use the information collected from unsuspecting individuals online to fulfill their own interests the consent of the individual (Albright, and Conran, 2003). In this case, they can risk and individual character or ethics and expose him or her to more risks. Conclusion The internet- mediated communication has strengthened human interaction with the virtual world. Hence, the virtual world has provided a suitable playground where companionship as well as a place where all individuals can build long-term romantic relationships (Cornwell, and Lundgre, 2003). Under security, the cyberspace gives many a framework to engage in online sexual activities, flirting among other things. With powerful tools, such as; secure â€Å"private† chats rooms, subscription fees and passwords, the internet technology will rise to be complete in dating life of the society. References List Alapack, R.J., Blichfeldt, M.E., Elden Ã…. (2005) ‘Flirting on the Internet and the Hic key: Hermeneutic’, Cyber Psychology Behaviour. (8), 1, pp. 2-61. Albright, J.M., Conran, T. (2003) ‘Desire, Love and Betrayal: Constructing and Deconstructing Intimacy Online’ Journal of Systemic Therapies, (22), 3, pp. 42- 53 Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2004). Love Online. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press Brehm, S.S., (1992). Intimate Relationships. New York McGraw-Hill Press Brown, B.B., (1999) ‘You’re Going Out With Who?: Peer Group Influences on Adolescent. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 291 – 329. Cooper, A., Mcloughlin. I. P., Campbell, K.M., (2000) ‘Sexuality in Cyberspace: Update for the 21st Century.’ Cyber Psychology Behavior, (3), 4, pp. 521 – 536. Cornwell, B. Lundgren, D.C., (2001) ‘Love on the Internet: Involvement and Misrepresentation in Romantic Relationships in Cyberspace vs. Realspace’. Computers in Human Behavior, (17), pp. 197 – 211. Forester, T. (1985). The Inform ation Technology Revolution, Massachusetts, MIT Press, Lawson, H.M., Leck, K. (2006) ‘Dynamics of Internet Dating’. Social Science Computer Review, (24), 2, pp. 189 – 208. Levine, D. (2000) ‘Virtual Attraction: What Rocks Your Boat’. Cyber Psychology Behavior, (3), 4, pp. 565 – 573. Mantovani, F. (2001) ‘Cyber-Attraction: The Emergence of Computer-Mediated Communication in the Development of Interpersonal Relationships’, New Perspectives on Miscommunication IOS Press, pp. 236 – 250. Merkle, E.R., Richardson, A.R., (2000) ‘Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships’. Family Relations, (49), 2, pp.187 – 192. Whitty, M.T., Carr, A.N., (2003) ‘Cyberspace as Potential Space: Considering the Web as a Playground to Cyber-Flirt’. Human Relations, (56), 7, pp. 861 – 891. Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D. Mitchell, K.J. (2004) ‘Internet-Initi ated Sex Crimes against Minors: Implications for Prevention Based on Findings from a National Study’Journal of Adolescent Health, (35), 5, pp. 424– 424 Wallace, P. (1999) The Psychology of the Internet. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press This essay on Internet- Mediated Information Communication was written and submitted by user Pedro Green to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Little Rock Nine

Little Rock’s Crisis: A Year of Trouble The stories of the Little Rock nine have been a popular topic over the years, and have spawned articles, books, and even a major motion picture. All of these mediums have certain audiences that they attract. It is the job of the author to know what kind of audience he is facing. Newspapers and Journals are important tools to illustrate the difference in certain audiences. A newspaper offers a broad range of topics like sports, politics, and general everyday events. The Arkansas Democrat is a newspaper located in Arkansas, and on Sunday, September 27, 1998, it published an article titled, Little Rock’s â€Å"Lost Class† of 1959 recalls turbulent year, by Andrew A. Green. On the other hand, a journal is more focused on the interest of an individual, and is usually published by a university or research group. Arkansas Historical Quarterly is an example of a journal, and in the most recent volume, Spring of 2003, it also covers the story of the Little Rock nine ti tled, Segregationist Discourse, by Phoebe Godfrey. Although the articles are on the same topic, they differ in a variety of ways. The professions of the authors is a big reason for the difference in the articles, but the audience that the author is trying to reach is also important. Newspapers are designed to reach a wide audience, and cover a wide range of topics. In the article by Green, he covers a topic that would ordinarily be done by a professional in the field of history, but he writes in such a way that would be interesting for many different kinds of people. The story is about the closings of schools in the Little Rock after the integration of students in 1957. Green focuses on the students and their accounts of the tragedy. By incorporating the former students in his article he draws in a variety of readers. Adults that grew up during that time period would find it interesting to see their peers recollection ... Free Essays on The Little Rock Nine Free Essays on The Little Rock Nine Little Rock’s Crisis: A Year of Trouble The stories of the Little Rock nine have been a popular topic over the years, and have spawned articles, books, and even a major motion picture. All of these mediums have certain audiences that they attract. It is the job of the author to know what kind of audience he is facing. Newspapers and Journals are important tools to illustrate the difference in certain audiences. A newspaper offers a broad range of topics like sports, politics, and general everyday events. The Arkansas Democrat is a newspaper located in Arkansas, and on Sunday, September 27, 1998, it published an article titled, Little Rock’s â€Å"Lost Class† of 1959 recalls turbulent year, by Andrew A. Green. On the other hand, a journal is more focused on the interest of an individual, and is usually published by a university or research group. Arkansas Historical Quarterly is an example of a journal, and in the most recent volume, Spring of 2003, it also covers the story of the Little Rock nine ti tled, Segregationist Discourse, by Phoebe Godfrey. Although the articles are on the same topic, they differ in a variety of ways. The professions of the authors is a big reason for the difference in the articles, but the audience that the author is trying to reach is also important. Newspapers are designed to reach a wide audience, and cover a wide range of topics. In the article by Green, he covers a topic that would ordinarily be done by a professional in the field of history, but he writes in such a way that would be interesting for many different kinds of people. The story is about the closings of schools in the Little Rock after the integration of students in 1957. Green focuses on the students and their accounts of the tragedy. By incorporating the former students in his article he draws in a variety of readers. Adults that grew up during that time period would find it interesting to see their peers recollection ...

How to File for a Design Patent

How to File for a Design Patent Unfortunately, there are no premade or online forms available to use for the specification and drawings needed for a design patent. The rest of this tutorial will help you create and format your application. However, there are forms that must accompany your application and they are the: Design Patent Application Transmittal, Fee Transmittal, Oath or Declaration, and an Application Data Sheet.   All Patent applications follow a format derived from the patent laws and regulations. The application is a legal document. Hot TipIt will be a lot easier for you to understand the following instructions on how to apply for a design patent if you read a few issued design patents first. Please take a look at Design Patent D436,119 as an example before proceeding. This example includes the front page and three pages of drawing sheets. Writing Your Specification - Choice One - Begin with an Optional Preamble A preamble (if included) should state the name of the inventor, the title of the design, and a brief description of the nature and intended use of the invention that the design is connected to. All the information contained in the preamble will be printed on the patent if it is granted. Example: Using an Optional PreambleI, John Doe, have invented a new design for a jewelry cabinet, as set forth in the following specification. The claimed jewelry cabinet is used to store jewelry and could sit on a bureau. Writing Your Specification - Choice Two - Begin with a Single Claim You may choose not to write a detailed preamble in your design patent application, however, you must write one claim. Design Patent D436,119 uses a single claim. You will submit all bibliographic information such as the inventors name by using an application data sheet or ADS. An ADS is a common method for submitting bibliographic data about a patent application. Example: Using a Single ClaimThe ornamental design for eyeglasses, as shown and described. Writing the Single Claim All design patent application may only include a single claim. The claim defines the design which applicant wishes to patent. The claim must be written in formal terms. The ornamental design for [fill in] as shown. What you fill in should be consistent with the title of your invention, it is the object which the design has been applied to or embodied in. When there is a properly included special description of the design in the specification, or a proper showing of modified forms of the design, or other descriptive matter has been included in the specification, the words and described should be added to the claim following the term shown. The ornamental design for [fill in) as shown and described. Choosing the Title The title of the design must identify the invention that the design is connected to by its most common name used by the public. Marketing designations are improper as titles and should not be used. A title descriptive of the actual article is recommended. A good title helps the person that is examining your patent know where to/not to search for prior art and helps with the proper classification of the design patent if it is granted. It also helps the understanding of the nature and use of your invention embodying the design. Examples of Titles1: Jewelry cabinet2: Concealed jewelry cabinet3: Panel for a jewelry accessory cabinet4: Eyeglasses Specification - Include Cross References Any cross-references to related patent applications should be stated (unless already included in the application data sheet). Specification - State any Federal Research Make a statement regarding any federally sponsored research or development if any. Specification - Writing the Figure Descriptions of Drawings Views The figure descriptions of the drawings included with the application tell what each view represents. Example:FIG.1 is a perspective view of eyeglasses showing my new design;FIG.2 is a front elevational view thereof;FIG.3 is a rear elevational view thereof;FIG.4 is a side elevational view, the opposite side being a mirror image thereof;FIG.5 is a top view thereof; and,FIG.6 is a bottom view thereof. Specification - Writing any Special Descriptions (Optional) Any description of the design in the specification, other than a brief description of the drawing, is generally not necessary since, as a general rule, the drawing is the designs best description. However, while not required, a special description is not prohibited. In addition to the figure descriptions, the following types of special descriptions are permissible in the specification: A description of the appearance of portions of the claimed design which are not illustrated in the drawing disclosure (i.e., â€Å"the right side elevational view is a mirror image of the left side†).Description disclaiming portions of the article not shown, that form no part of the claimed design.A statement indicating that any broken line illustration of environmental structure in the drawing is not part of the design sought to be patented.Description denoting the nature and environmental use of the claimed design, if not included in the preamble. Specification - A Design Patent Has One Single Claim Design patent applications can have only one claim. The claim defines the design which you want to patent and you can only patent one design at a time. The description of the article in the claim should be consistent with the title of the invention. Example of a Title:Eyeglasses Example of a Claim:The ornamental design for eyeglasses, as shown and described. Making The Drawings BW Drawings or Photographs The drawing (disclosure) is the most important element of the design patent application. Every design patent application must include either a drawing or a photograph of the claimed design. As the drawing or photograph constitutes the entire visual disclosure of the claim, it is very important that the drawing or photograph must be clear and complete, that nothing about your design is left to conjecture. The design drawing or photograph must comply with the disclosure requirements of patent law 35 U.S.C. 112. This patent law requires you to fully reveal your invention. To meet the requirements, the drawings or photographs must include a sufficient number of views to constitute a complete disclosure of the appearance of the design claimed. Drawings are normally required to be in black ink on white paper. However, bw photographs are permitted subject to Rule 1.84 Standards For Drawings. The rule states that you can use a photograph if a photograph is better than an ink drawing to disclose your design. You must apply in writing for an exemption in order to use a photograph with your application. Label Photographs BW photographs submitted on double weight photographic paper must have the drawing figure number entered on the face of the photograph. Photographs mounted on Bristol board may have the figure number shown in black ink on the Bristol board, proximate the corresponding photograph. You Cannot Use Both Photographs and drawings must not both be included in the same application. The introduction of both photographs and drawings in a design patent application would result in a high probability of inconsistencies between the corresponding elements on the ink drawings as compared with the photographs. Photographs submitted in lieu of ink drawings must not disclose environmental structure but must be limited to the claimed design itself. Color Drawings or Photographs The USPTO will accept color drawings or photographs in design patent applications only after you file a petition explaining why the color is necessary. Any such petition must include an extra fee, a copy of the color drawings or photographs, and a BW photocopy that accurately depicts the subject matter shown in the color drawings or photographs. When you use color you must also include a written statement placed just before the description of the drawings that says The file of this patent contains a least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawings will be provided by the United States Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. The Views The drawings or photographs should contain a sufficient number of views to completely disclose the appearance of the claimed design, for example, front, rear, right and left sides, top and bottom. While not required, it is suggested that perspective views be submitted to clearly show the appearance and shape of three-dimensional designs. If a perspective view is submitted, the surfaces shown would normally not be required to be illustrated in other views if these surfaces are clearly understood and fully disclosed in the perspective. Unneeded Views Views that are merely duplicates of other views of the design or that are merely flat and include no ornamental may be omitted from the drawing if the specification makes this explicitly clear. For example, if the left and right sides of a design are identical or a mirror image, a view should be provided of one side and a statement made in the drawing description that the other side is identical or a mirror image. If the bottom of the design is flat, a view of the bottom may be omitted if the figure descriptions include a statement that the bottom is flat and unornamented. Using a Sectional View A sectional view which more clearly brings out elements of the design is permissible, however, a sectional view presented to show functional features, or interior structure not forming part of the claimed design, is neither required nor permitted. Using Surface Shading The drawing should be provided with the right surface shading which shows clearly the character and contour of all surfaces of any three-dimensional aspects of the design. Surface shading is also necessary to distinguish between any open and solid areas of the design. Solid black surface shading is not permitted except when used to represent the color black as well as color contrast.   If the shape of the design is not fully disclosed when you file. Any additions of surface shading after the initial filing may be viewed as new matter. New matter is anything that is added to, or from, the claim, drawings or specification, that was neither shown nor suggested in the original application. The patent examiner will rule that your later additions are part of a new design rather than a missing piece of the original design. (see patent law 35 U.S.C. 132 and patent rule 37 CFR  § 1.121) Using Broken Lines A broken line is understood to be for illustrative purposes only and forms no part of the claimed invented design. The structure that is not part of the claimed design, but is considered necessary to show the environment in which the design is used, may be represented in the drawing by broken lines. This includes any portion of an article in which the design is embodied or applied to that is not considered part of the claimed design. When the claim is directed to just surface ornamentation for an article, the article in which it is embodied must be shown in broken lines. In general, when broken lines are used, they should not intrude upon or cross the solid lines of the claimed design and should not be heavier or darker than the lines used depicting the claimed design. Where a broken line showing of environmental structure must necessarily cross or intrude upon the representation of the claimed design and obscures a clear understanding of the design, such an illustration should be included as a separate figure in addition to the other figures which fully disclose the subject matter of the design. See - Broken Line Disclosure The Oath or Declaration The oath or declaration required of the applicant must comply with the requirements of patent rule 37 CFR  §1.63. Fees In addition, the filing fee, search fee, and examination fee are also required. For a small entity, (an independent inventor, a small business concern, or a non-profit organization), these fees are reduced by half. As of 2005, the basic filing fee for a design patent for a small entity is $100, the search fee is $50, and the examination fee is $65. Other fees may apply, see USPTO Fees and use the Fee Transmittal Form. The preparation of a design patent application and interacting with the USPTO requires knowledge of patent laws and rules and USPTO practices and procedures. If you dont know what you doing, consult a registered patent attorney or agent. Good Drawings Are Very Important Of primary importance in a design patent application is the drawing disclosure, which illustrates the design being claimed. Unlike a utility patent application, where the claim describes the invention in a lengthy written explanation, the claim in a design patent application protects the overall visual appearance of the design, â€Å"described† in the drawings. You can use the following resources to help you prepare your drawings for your design patent application. Drawings for all types of patents fall under the same rules as far as margins, lines, etc. Reference MaterialRules for Patent Drawing StandardsExamples of Design Patents - Disclosures, Shading and Views It is essential that you present a set of drawings (or photographs) of the highest quality which conform to the rules and drawing standards. You cannot change your patent drawings after your application has been filed. See s of Acceptable Drawings and Drawing Disclosures. You may want to hire a professional draftsperson who specializes in preparing design patent drawings. Application Paper Formats You can format your application papers (margins, type of paper, etc) the same as you would a utility patent. See - The Correct Style For Application Pages All papers which are to become part of the permanent records of the USPTO must be typewritten or produced by a mechanical (or computer) printer. The text must be in permanent black ink or its equivalent; on a single side of the paper; in portrait orientation; on white paper that is all of the same size, flexible, strong, smooth, nonshiny, durable, and without holes. The paper size must be either: 21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inches), or21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4).There must be a left margin of at least 2.5 cm. (1 inch) and top,right, and bottom margins of at least 2.0 cm. (3/4 inch). Receiving A Filing Date When a complete design patent application, along with the appropriate filing fee, is received by the Office, it is assigned an Application Number and a Filing Date. A Filing Receipt containing this information is sent to the applicant, do not lose it. The application is then assigned to an examiner. Applications are examined in order of their filing date. After the USPTO receives your application for a design patent, they will examine it to make sure that it complies with all the laws and rules that apply to design patents. The USPTO will closely check your drawing disclosure and compare the design you have claimed to have invented with prior art. â€Å"Prior art† would be any issued patents or published materials that dispute who was first to invent the design in question. If your application for a design patent passes the examination, called being â€Å"allowed,† instructions will be sen to you as to how to complete the process and get your design patent issued. If your application does not pass the examination, you will be sent an action or letter detailing why your application was rejected. This letter may contain suggestions by the examiner for amendments to the application. Keep this letter and do not send it back to the USPTO. Your Response To Rejection You have a limited time to reply, however, you can request in writing that the USPTO reconsiders your application. In your request, you can point out any errors you think the examiner made. However, if the examiner found prior art that disputes you being first with your design that you cannot argue with. In all cases where the examiner has said that a reply to a requirement is necessary, or where the examiner has indicated patentable subject matter, the reply must comply with the requirements set forth by the examiner, or specifically argue each requirement as to why compliance should not be required. In any communication with the Office, applicant should include the all the following applicable items: Application numberGroup art unit number (copied from filing receipt or the most recent Office action)Filing dateName of the examiner who prepared the most recent Office action.Title of invention If your reply is not received within the designated time period, the application will be considered abandoned. To ensure that a time period set for reply to a USPTO action is not missed; a â€Å"Certificate of Mailing† should be attached to the reply. This â€Å"Certificate† establishes that the reply is being mailed on a given date. It also establishes that the reply is timely, if it was mailed before the period for reply had expired, and if it is mailed with the United States Postal Service. A â€Å"Certificate of Mailing† is not the same as â€Å"Certified Mail.† A suggested format for a Certificate of Mailing is as follows: â€Å"I hereby certify that this correspondence is being deposited with the United States Postal Service as first class mail in an envelope addressed to: Box Design, Commissioner for Patents, Washington, D.C. 20231, on (DATE MAILED)† (Name - Typed or Printed) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Signature__________________________________ Date______________________________________ If a receipt for any paper filed in the USPTO is desired, applicant should include a stamped, self-addressed postcard, which lists, on the message side applicants name and address, the application number, and filing date, the types of papers submitted with the reply (i.e., 1 sheet of drawings, 2 pages of amendments, 1 page of an oath/declaration, etc.) This postcard will be stamped with the date of receipt by the mailroom and returned to applicant. This postcard will be applicants evidence that the reply was received by the Office on that date. If applicant changes his or her mailing address after filing an application, the Office must be notified in writing of the new address. Failure to do so will result in future communications being mailed to the old address, and there is no guarantee that these communications will be forwarded to applicants new address. Applicants failure to receive, and properly reply to these Office communications will result in the application being held abandoned. Notification of â€Å"Change of Address† should be made by separate letter, and a separate notification should be filed for each application. Reconsideration Upon submission of a reply to an Office action, the application will be reconsidered and further examined in view of applicants remarks and any amendments included with the reply. The examiner will then either withdraw the rejection and allow the application or, if not persuaded by the remarks and/or amendments submitted, repeat the rejection and make it Final. Applicant may file an appeal with the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences after given a final rejection or after the claim has been rejected twice. Applicant may also file a new application prior to the abandonment of the original application, claiming benefit of the earlier filing date. This will allow continued prosecution of the claim.

Health Psychology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Psychology paper - Essay Example It follows that it’s necessary to consider ways to curb the desire for children admittance to emergency wards as primary treatment options. In considering sociocultural factors that influence emergency use for pediatric asthma one of the primary efforts must be made in establishing the understanding that emergency wards are not the only treatment option. In these regards, it’s the responsibility of the hospital to make it clear that there also exist clinical pathways in which children can receive medical aid (Varni, Burwinkle, Rapoff, Kamps, Olson 2004). . This report argues that while it’s necessary for the hospital and medical establishment to have these clinical pathways in place, in terms of sociocultural and behavioral patterns, it’s critical for medical professionals to inform caregivers of children with asthma at the time of their diagnosis the variety of options they have regarding these treatment mechanisms. While asthma is a serious illness that requires medical attention, it’s also clear that inpatient pathways that avoid admittance to the medical ward have been demonstrated to be equally as effective treatment options.